module menu iconKey clinical developments in 2022

Introduction and module overview

OTC medicines

NICE technology evaluations and pharmacy

Key NICE guideline updates in 2022

module menu icon Introduction and module overview

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module menu icon Introduction and module overview

Introduction and module overview

This year has seen community pharmacy become further established as the first point of contact in primary care for many patients, and additional pharmacy services contracted nationally and locally. The Covid vaccination programme continued and there were increasing numbers of people suffering with long Covid.

The Covid-19 pandemic 

Covid-19 continued to affect the population’s health and NHS services during 2022. The vaccination programme carried on with the availability of boosters, and antiviral treatments were authorised and introduced. Community pharmacies remain key deliverers of vaccines
in partnership with local primary care services. 

Clinical trials showed that antivirals for Covid-19 are most effective when taken during the early stages of the infection and need to be started as soon as possible after a positive test result and within five days of symptoms starting. Some community pharmacies in Scotland were commissioned to supply oral antiviral treatments to high-risk Covid-19 patients in January 2022.

Key MHRA announcements about Covid-19 in 2022 were as follows:

January February April May June August September

Following MHRA approval of Lagevrio (molnupiravir) in November 2021, the Covid-19 antiviral treatment Paxlovid was approved. Paxlovid (nirmatrelvir and ritonavir) works by inhibiting a protease required for virus replication. Ritonavir slows the breakdown of nirmatrelvir in the body, increasing its effectiveness. Authorisation is for use in over-18s who have mild to moderate Covid-19 infection and at least one risk factor for developing severe illness. Risk factors include obesity, older age (>60 years), diabetes mellitus or heart disease.

The 15-minute observation period after administration of mRNA vaccines (Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna) was waived during the emergency response to the omicron variant. The MHRA advised that it remain in place for people who may have previously suffered anaphylaxis or other allergic reactions to a food, insect sting and most medicines or vaccines.

Nuvaxovid, the Covid-19 vaccine developed by Novavax, was given regulatory approval by the regulator.

Changes were made by the MHRA to the product information for Spikevax (Moderna) and Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech) to reflect the large amount of real-world data gathered indicating that the vaccines can be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

MHRA approved Valneva Covid-19 vaccine

MHRA authorised Evusheld (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) for Covid-19 prevention. This is currently undergoing evaluation by NICE with expected publication of guidance in May 2023.

Removal of 15-minute observation period following vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna Covid-19 vaccines for individuals aged 12 years and over who have no history of  severe allergic reaction (as outlined in the Green Book advice).

Allowance for third dose heterologous boosting (i.e. for someone having a different vaccine to their primary course as a booster). The interval between the primary course and booster dose shortened from at least six months to at least three months.

MHRA approved (and CHM endorsed) Spikevax bivalent original/omicron Covid-19 vaccine as a booster (single vaccine covering both delta and omicron variants). Safety monitoring showed that the side-effects observed were the same as those seen for the original Moderna booster dose and were typically mild and self-resolving. No serious safety concerns were identified. 

MHRA approved (and CHM endorsed) the Pfizer/BioNTech bivalent Covid-19 vaccine as a booster (single vaccine covering both delta and omicron variants; brand name Comirnaty Original/Omicron BA.1). 

Safety monitoring in clinical trials showed that the side-effects observed were the same as those seen for the original Pfizer/BioNTech monovalent vaccine (Comirnaty) booster dose and were typically mild and self-resolving. No new serious safety concerns were identified.

Pharmacy Quality Scheme for 2022/23

Details of the next Pharmacy Quality Scheme (PQS) as part of the Community Pharmacy Contractual Framework for England and Wales were announced in September 2022 covering five domains and a range of clinical and other areas. 

  • Domain 1. Risk management and safeguarding (with a particular focus on domestic abuse prevention)
  • Domain 2. Respiratory: Inhaler technique checks; inhaler waste management; use of a spacer in patients aged 5-15 years; checking personalised asthma plans; referrals for patients using three
    or more short-acting bronchodilator inhalers without any corticosteroid inhaler in six months
  • Domain 3. Healthy living support: Weight management
  • Domain 4. Prevention: Antimicrobial stewardship (focus on urinary tract infections and upper respiratory tract infections) and cancer awareness
  • Domain 5. Addressing unwarranted variation in care: Palliative and end-of-life care action plan based on a pharmacy’s policy regarding routine stocking of 16 key medicines and pathways for patients to obtain them when necessary.

Key clinical developments in 2022

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